Monday 7 May 2018

Neonatal Reflexes



Neonatal reflexes (Table by GGS Information Services.)
  • Neonatal reflexes
    (Table by GGS Information Services.)
    ReflexStimulationResponseDuration
    SOURCE Table after Child Development, 6th ed. Wm. C. Brown Communications, Inc., 1994.
    BabinskiSole of foot strokedFans out toes and twists foot inDisappears at nine months to a year
    BlinkingFlash of light or puff of airCloses eyesPermanent
    GraspingPalms touchedGrasps tightlyWeakens at three months; disappears at a year
    MoroSudden move; loud noiseStartles; throws out arms and legs and then pulls them toward bodyDisappears at three to four months
    RootingCheek stroked or side of mouth touchedTurns toward source, opens mouth and sucksDisappears at three to four months
    SteppingInfant held upright with feet touching groundMoves feet as if to walkDisappears at three to four months
    SuckingMouth touched by objectSucks on objectDisappears at three to four months
    SwimmingPlaced face down in waterMakes coordinated swimming movementsDisappears at six to seven months
    Tonic neckPlaced on backMakes fists and turns head to the rightDisappears at two months

Thursday 3 May 2018

विषघ्न महाकषाय द्वारा सम्प्राप्ति विघटन


Commonest malignancies

Commonest malignancies (Worldwide) –
  • In children – leukemia
  • In females – breast cancer
  • In males – prostate cancer
  • Overall – breast cancer
Commonest malignancies (in india) –
  • Children - leukemia 
  • Male - oral
  • Female – CA cervix


  • Commonest variety of breast cancer – invasive ductal
  • Commonest origin of Oral cavity, tongue, skin, cervix malignancies – squamous cell CA
  • Commonest origin of Breast, pancreas, gall bladder, endometrium malignancies –scirrhous adeno CA

  • Breast CA – More in left
      More in upper outer quadrant
Origin – ductal epithelium commonly

  • TNM classification Adenocarcinoma is of 2 types – lobular and ductal(commonest)


  • Leiomyoma – Benign/fibroid tumour of uterine myometrium
  • Types -
  • Intramural/interstitial – within uterine wall, generally asymptomatic, most common type.
  • Subserosal/subperitoneal – under mucosal peritoneal surface, grows on outer wall of the uterus.
  • Submucosal – just below the lining of the uterus, under endometrium.
  • Pedunculated – sub-serosal with peduncle.